Compare Windows And Linux Operating Systems Computer Science Essay

Compare Windows And Linux Operating Systems Computer Science Essay An Operating system is software that lets the user interface with the computer and also manages number of applications. Most number of PCs has built in Operating system installed. Operating systems created to take control of the operations of applications such as email programs, word processors and web browsers. Straight after the computer is switched on the operating system needs to be loaded into the RAM before any other program can be run. Operating system is automatically loaded into RAM as soon as the PC turns on which is done by the boot strap loader which is stored in the PCs ROM chip. All the Operating systems perform basic functions such as: Managing resources These applications coordinate all of the PCs resources which include keyboard, printer, monitor, mouse, storage devices and memory. Operating system manages to perform a file structure on the computers hard drive where the data can be saved or retrieved. When a particular data is saved, the Operating system saves the data and attaches a name to the data and remembers where the data was saved for any future use. File system is the way the Operating systems organizes the information into files. Almost all the Operating systems use hierarchical file system which organizes the files into folders under a tree structure which makes it easy for the user to get the data. Providing a user interface -.Users interact with programs and hardware trough user interface. Most of the Operating systems provide the GUI which is graphic user interface where graphic objects or icons are used to represent commonly used features. Running applications -These are the programs which load and run applications such as spread sheets and word processors. Almost all the operating systems support multitasking where more than one application can be run at the same time. When a user is requesting the application to be open the operating system locates the program and loads it into the RAM. If more programs are loaded the operating system must allocate the computer resources. Support for built in utility programs -The operating system uses the utility program to identify problems, repair damaged files, locate lost files and back up data. This makes the easy for the user as the operating system does the hard work by solving the problem where the user just has to wait for the result. Control to the computer hardware -The operating system is in the middle of the programs and the BIOS. Bios controls the hardware, but all programs that need hardware resources has to go through the operating system. Operating system can access the hardware through BIOS. Task 2 B M1 Report that compares the features and functions of two different operating systems by reviewing the features and functions and present a comparison of the two summarising their respective strengths and weaknesses in context. I am going to compare windows and Linux operating systems. Introduction Windows -It is an operating system software and GUI produced by Microsoft. Microsoft released their first windows operating system in 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing popularity of the graphical user interfaces. Windows dominated the Personal computers around the world when it came out in the market which overtook MacOS which was launched in 1984. By October 2009 windows had roughly 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for the use on the internet. The latest release client version of windows is windows 7, the latest release server version is Server 2008R2 and the latest release of mobile operating system is windows phone 7. Linux Linux refers to the family of Unix-like PC Operating system using Linux kernel. Linux can be installed in number of different computers and video game consoles, to mainframes and supercomputers. Linux is the top server operating system, accounting for more than 50% of installations and runs on the fastest top 10 supercomputers in the world. Using Linux in desktops has increased in recent years. The name Linux comes from Linux kernel, created in 1991 by Linux Trovalds. Comparison of the two operating systems Out of these two operating systems windows is the most famous OS, whereas Linux is the most famous OS that is free. The two OS compete against each other for user-base in the PC market as well as the server market, which are also used in schools, business offices, intranet and internet servers, homes, government offices, supercomputers, and embedded systems. Windows are top in the personal computer and desktop markets with approximately 90% of the desktop market share, and accounted for about 66% of all servers sold in the year 2007. In the server market share windows received 36.3% and Linux received 12.7%. By November 2007, Linux OS powered 85% of the worlds powerful supercomputers where compared to windows 1.4%. Linux and windows are different in the cost, versatility and stability with each looking to get better in their superficial weak areas. Normally, some major areas of superficial weakness usually cited have included the poor out-of-box usability of the Linux desktop for the mass-market and vulnerability to malware windows. Both are areas of fast development in both sides. Linux is not a complete operating system when you compare it to Windows operating environment. Linux doesnt have built-in GUI interface. Users are free to use the former windows graphic user interface with Linux where each provides a different look and feel. Functions Windows offers much easier user interface called graphic interface unlike Linux, where it only has one GUI for users to choose from. These facts in some cases could make the using of the OS much easier as the user can choose what they are comfortable with. One of the advantages of Linux is that it comes from multiple choices of GUIs so that it can help provide an easy starting ground for either windows or Mac users. Both windows and Linux allow hardware to successfully communicate with the software in similar way. But however the Linux has some compatibility problems which can cause trouble when trying to install hardware drivers. Whereas the being one of the top OS in the world are finding that hardware drivers is a push over. Security Windows are more infective to a virus then Linux as windows is the most attacked OS in the world. And most the viruses arent even compatible with Linux hence making Linux inherently safer. Performance The performance reduces massively in windows simply because windows takes to much power unlike Linux which doesnt use much power to work, which means that there is much more power available to be used for the user of Linux which makes the performance faster. Stability Because of the work all around the world by the millions of users of Linux which have full and free access to the source code where they are trying to make Linux more stable unlike the few 100,000 windows techs with a licence to modify the windows source code. Also the fact that the Linux OS has more consistent fileling system and Linux also dont use much processor power to run which automatically makes the Linux OS a more stable OS. Cost You have to pay for all the Windows operating systems unlike the Linux operating systems which are free and full access. You can also download the Linux software for free unlike the windows operating system where you have to pay. Usability -Windows operating systems are one of the easiest operating system to use because of the lack of things you can do with it along with legal problems. Windows is also more spread operating system then Linux so it has the better hand when it comes to personal computing. Linux is also easy but the users arent confident enough so are not willing to use the free Linux OS. Conclusion- After researching about these two operating systems along with the points that i have made I believe that Linux is the better operating system then windows with better benefit, However as far as the hardware is concerned windows doesnt have the skill to work on the Power PC processors, unlike Linux. Linux would be one of the growing operating systems in the world which would be the main rivals of windows in the future. Here is a Comparison table Linux Windows Price Most of the Linux operating systems are free and lower costing then windows. Windows operating systems can be bought around the price of $50 to $150 per each licence copy. Ease Linux has massively improved in their usability but windows are much easier for new computer users. Microsoft have made lots of changes and have made it much more easier to use the operating system, but it still might not be the easiest software to use but is definitely easier than Linux. Reliability Most of the Linux systems are Especially reliable and can run for moths and years without having to reboot it. Windows has made some fabulous improvements to their Reliability in their last versions of windows but its still not better than Linux. Software Linux does have number of software, utilities and games available but it cant compare to the large amount of software windows has. Because there are more people using windows around the world there are more software, utilities and games available in windows. Software Cost Many of the software, utilities and games are freeware or open source. Most of them are free and some of them cost really less then compared to windows. Windows also has software, utilities and games for free but majority of the programs will cost around $20 to $200. Hardware Linux and hardware manufactures have made great improvements for Linux and will support most hardware devices, whoever there are many different companies that still do not offer drivers for their hardware. Windows has much more support from the hardware manufactures for windows hardware devices because of the large amount of windows users. Security Linux always has been safe and secure but it can also be attacked but when you compare it to windows Linux is much safer. Although windows has made vast improvements to their security but still continues to be venerable to the viruses. Support Linux has large amounts of help online or books around the world to help any user. Same with windows also has large amount of help to their users with books, documentation guides help centre etc. http://www.techquark.com/2009/02/compasion-linux-vs-windows.html Name Linux Windows Creator Linus Torvalds, et al. Microsoft First public release 1992 1993 Predecessor Unix[g 2], Minix [g 3 MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows 3.x Latest stable version Linux kernel 2.6.35.2; GNU C Library 2.11 Windows 7 (NT 6.1.7600) Latest release date 2010 2009 Cost/ Availability Free Home Basic (Retail) $99.95, Home Premium (Retail) $119.95, Business (Retail) $299.95, Ultimate (Retail) $300.95[1] Preferred licence GNU GPL, GNU LGPL and other licenses Proprietary Target system type Comparison of Linux distributions Workstation, Personal computer, Media center, Tablet PC, Embedded system Computer architectures supported x86, x86-64, PPC, SPARC, Alpha, others x86, x86-64, IA-64 File systems supported ext2, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, and others NTFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF; 3rd-party drivers support ext2, ext3, reiserfs[t 8], and HFS Kernel type Monolithic with modules Hybrid Source lines of code ~ 9 million (Kernel) lines of code for userland applications vary depending on the distribution ~45 million GUI default is on No Yes Package management MSI, custom installers Update management Windows Update Native APIs POSIX Win32, NT API Non-native APIs supported through subsystems UNIX, Mono, Java, Win16, Win32 DOS API, Win16 (only in 32-bit versions), POSIX, .NET

Hamsters and Guinea Pigs Comparison

Katrina 10/23/12 English 1 honors Mr. Martin. Hamster and guinea pigs ESSAY: Hamsters and guinea pigs are two completely different animals. The most obvious difference is that hamsters are very small; they can fit in the palm of your hand. Guinea pigs are much larger, generally weighs around 3 pounds or so when fully grown. Hamsters are native to Europe and Asia while the guinea pig is native to South America. That's one difference which shows they are not related. Although the two eat approximately the same foods, the guinea pig is much larger and is commonly used as a food animal in the Andes Mountains.The hamster is strictly a pet or laboratory animal. Although they are both rodents and are popular as pets, hamster and guinea pigs have many differences such as there body and their behavior. ‘Guinea pig' is the common name for members of the species Cavia porcellus. They are native to South America in the wild, weigh roughly 700-1200 grams, and usually live for around five ye ars. Guinea pigs are tailless, herbivorous, and live in social colonies in the wild. They are active during the day. The guinea pig is very likely to get into space when space habitats are finally developed.They breed easily, have several litters per year, and mature quickly. A guinea pig gets about 5 times the size of a hamster, and eats more like a rabbit. They are both good pets though. They do look a lot alike, but are completely unrelated. Guinea pigs are a whole different species. Possibly not even rodents, scientists are debating that. Guinea pigs are the larger of the two, they don't have a tail but they have a bump where there tail should have been. Guinea pigs are usually the hardest to train but once trained they will be very attached to you. Guinea pigs like to be kept in pair's or groups.A perfect example of a social animal that enjoys each other’s company and like living outside. A guinea pig is bigger, and has a life span of about 5 to 10 years. Hamsters can ac tually be one of several species from the genus Phodopus (dwarf hamsters), Cricetulus (includes dwarf and normal sized species) or Mesocricetus. The most common pet hamster is Mesocricetus auratus, the Syrian hamster. Size of pet hamsters is usually around 5-15cm. The hamsters have little short hairless tails and prefer to live a solitary lifestyle, only coming together to mate.They are omnivores, mostly eating only seeds and fruits, but may also eat things like insects in the wild. Hamsters can live for around 1. 5 to 2 years and are nocturnal, being most active when it is dark. Hamsters are generally nocturnal which means that they will sleep in the night, but you can train them not too. Hamsters aren't as clean as guinea pigs but they can be taught to use a litter box. Hamsters must be kept alone because of the fact that they are very territorial. Hamsters are usually solitary with the exception of dwarfs who can live happily in groups, they have a lifespan from 1. years to 3 yea rs, but some can live longer. There are also different breeds of hamster, ranging from tiny Robo, Chinese & Russian dwarf hamster to bigger Syrian ones. These have small tails. Rats are about 3/4 or even larger than hamsters with long tails. Hamsters bite if they smell food on you. By owning both animals : hamsters and guinea pigs it is safe to say ,guinea pigs are harder to keep clean (as long as you don't put 2 males in a cage with a female nearby), they are â€Å"sweeter† and seem more stable.Guinea pigs are more easily played with , and when they run on the floor you can find them way easier than hamsters! Other than them both being vegetarians and furry they couldn't be much more different. I hope for the sake of any animal that you find out the difference before attempting to keep one. Pets provide us with so much more than companionship. Although there are responsibilities with pet ownership, the benefits greatly outweigh the work. Pets give us benefits not always read ily available from our human companions and that's unconditional love and acceptance.Our pets are always there for us and they are great listeners! A pet never judges us and they continue to love us in spite of our flaws and mistakes. That simple fact can be a stress reducer. One thing I have come into generalization with is no matter how small or big the animal is or how great their differences are. We should assume responsibility for them. We should do our best to nurture, care and love them. That is our responsibility as humans.

British Colonization Of The Americas - 869 Words

British colonization of the Americas began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. It reached its peak when colonies has established throughout the America. The British ignored america in favor of subduing and occupying Ireland, which is a promising colony closer to their homeland. In 1558, the half-century reign of Elizabeth 1 began, England’s interest to the other side of the Atlantic grew. Elizabeth maneuvered through the difficulties of being a female monarch by refusing to marry, having no kids, and maintaining a reputation for chastity. However, for the next paragraph, I will initiate on how the British slowly colonized the Americas and how the representation of some of the women was very important back in this century. First of all, the British which was run by Elizabeth 1 in the 1500s established her country’s control of the seas and access to the New World’s wealth. Sir Walter Ralegh, who is one of Elizabeth’s â€Å"favorite† men has granted domini on over the large, undefined American territory north of the Spanish lands that Ralegh names Virginia to honor not the Virgin Mary but the Virgin Queen. Even though Elizabeth did not get married she has a â€Å"favorite† men which she trusted him and sent him to the America. In contrast to the highly Spanish queen, Elizabeth was a thoroughly worldly monarch (pg24). She abjured the Catholic Church in favor of heading the church of England, more as a source of political than spiritual identity and authority. Differently from the CatholicShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Spanish and British Colonization Efforts in North America Prior to 1763.1475 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and contrast Spanish and British colonization efforts in North America prior to 1763. Prior to 1763, both Spanish and British colonization efforts expanded into various regions of North America. 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Top 3 Shylock Quotes and Speeches

Shylock is one of the most memorable characters from Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice – arguably, one of Shakespeare’s most memorable characters ever. We bring you the top three Shylock quotes and speeches that gave him an enduring presence throughout literary history. 1. â€Å"It Will Feed my Revenge!† To bait fish withal: if it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies; and whats his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villany you teach me, I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better t he instruction.(Act 3, Scene 1) 2. â€Å"Many a Time and Oft in The Rialto You Have Rated Me!† Signior Antonio, many a time and oftIn the Rialto you have rated meAbout my moneys and my usances:Still have I borne it with a patient shrug,For sufferance is the badge of all our tribe.You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog,And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine,And all for use of that which is mine own.Well then, it now appears you need my help:Go to, then; you come to me, and you sayShylock, we would have moneys: you say so;You, that did void your rheum upon my beardAnd foot me as you spurn a stranger curOver your threshold: moneys is your suitWhat should I say to you? Should I not sayHath a dog money? is it possibleA cur can lend three thousand ducats? OrShall I bend low and in a bondmans key,With bated breath and whispering humbleness, Say this;Fair sir, you spit on me on Wednesday last;You spurnd me such a day; another timeYou calld me dog; and for these courtesiesIll lend you thus much moneys?(Act 1, Scene 3) 3. â€Å"I Have Possessd Your Grace of What I Purpose!† I have possessd your grace of what I purpose;And by our holy Sabbath have I swornTo have the due and forfeit of my bond:If you deny it, let the danger lightUpon your charter and your citys freedom.Youll ask me, why I rather choose to haveA weight of carrion flesh than to receiveThree thousand ducats: Ill not answer that:But, say, it is my humour: is it answerd?What if my house be troubled with a ratAnd I be pleased to give ten thousand ducatsTo have it baned? What, are you answerd yet?Some men there are love not a gaping pig;Some, that are mad if they behold a cat;And others, when the bagpipe sings i the nose,Cannot contain their urine: for affection,Mistress of passion, sways it to the moodOf what it likes or loathes. Now, for your answer:As there is no firm reason to be renderd,Why he cannot abide a gaping pig;Why he, a harmless necessary cat;Why he, a woollen bagpipe; but of forceMust yield to such inevitable shameAs to offend, himself being offended;So can I give no reason, nor I will not,More than a lodged hate and a certain loathingI bear Antonio, that I follow thusA losing suit against him. Are you answerd?(Act 4, Scene 1)

Project Management Infomaton System - 48477 Words

PROJECT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS Guidelines for Planning, Implementing, and Managing a DME Project Information System Rodolfo Siles, 2004 CARE DME-IS GUIDELINES â€Å"Knowledge about how to treat such a simple ailment as diarrhea has existed for centuries but millions of children continue to die from it because their parents do not know how to save them†¦.Fighting poverty requires a global strategy to share knowledge systematically and energetically and to ensure that people who need that knowledge get it on time†. The World Bank Page 2 CARE DME-IS GUIDELINES Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................... 6 1.1 Preface†¦show more content†¦120 6.4 Collecting and gathering the information.................. 124 6.5 Organizing and storing Information ......................... 132 6.6 Reporting and Sharing Information ......................... 140 6.7 Using the Information ........................................... 146 6.8 Evaluating the Process and the Information.............. 149 6.9 Improving the Information Process ......................... 153 7. INFORMATION PLAN ........................................................ 157 7.1 Introduction......................................................... 159 7.2 Information Requirements ..................................... 160 7.3 Information Collection ........................................... 161 7.4 Information Analysis ............................................. 168 7.5 Reporting Information ........................................... 170 7 .6 Historical Information............................................ 171 7.7 Access to Information ........................................... 172 7.8 Personnel ............................................................ 173 7.9 Technology .......................................................... 175 7.10 Internal Controls ................................................. 178 7.11 Implementation Strategies.................................... 179 7.12 Monitoring the DME-IS ......................................... 180 7.13 Evaluating and Improving DME-IS.......................... 184 7.14

Walking Down Memory Lane Park Free Essays

Salina Vang Narrative Description-FFD Mr. Henshaw APELC 8 June 2011 Walking Down Memory Lane Park Whenever I think of Projects Park it brings back many memories because it was in the neighborhood where I spent my childhood years. Even though it was just for a small portion of my life, for one of the longest times it was the place where I had the best memories of courageous acts. We will write a custom essay sample on Walking Down Memory Lane Park or any similar topic only for you Order Now Project Park was where I experienced the feeling of always being around others my age and it where I met the coolest people and made the best friendships, some of whom I am still friends with today. It was the place where at that point in time I lived my life to the fullest. Projects Park was located in isolation on its own block at the very end of the road. During the daytime children from all over the neighborhood came to play with their family and friends, me included. However when the sun went down night crept in turning the sky an ominous shade of antiquity and along with it, it brought creatures of the night to roam among the site. One evening upon entrance to the park I remembered the story someone once told me, â€Å"one could see the glare of two floating red eyes following those who meandered around the park at night. Rejecting the thought, but still a bit superstitious I entered the park anyways. As the sun went down it created an illusion as if the shadows were waking up from their dark crevices. I was standing at the foot of a shadow from a tall tree towering over me. The sun setting turned those tree-branches into arms grazing along the cement seeming as if they w anted to grab me. At the further end of the block a tall street lamppost lit up a dim fire dull enough just to see the path of the park. Night had come and it was so quiet my eardrums hurt and ever step I took sent chills down my body. As I approached the swings I noticed the echoes of my footsteps had just suddenly started lasting longer than they should have. I took another step with my left foot, stopped, and then heard the brisk echo of another step after that. Looking down at my left foot, it was exactly where I had left it, somehow, the long echoed steps had not stopped, but were now storming towards me faster and louder than ever like a violent beating thunderstorm. Immediately, I turned around and in that instant, it stopped, a split second of dead silence. Something was definitely wrong. I felt like a hole had been punched right through me sending waves of fear down my back making my hair stand at their ends. My sudden instincts told me to approach the swings for comfort. However I remembered that I had caught seeing a swing move on its own accord before; as if someone was riding on its seat. The feeling of terror, noticeably aroused in my appearance by now, made me want to run for the wide open field. The open field was the highly vivid field of wherein games were held because of its noticeable boundaries of where the green grass ended and the sharp concrete cement began. Now after dark, it seemed to lay awaiting and full of hunger for something to step onto its surface so it could suck them into its dark ruptured depths. It, during the daytime acted as a virtuous grass field wherein competition took its place. It was the place in the park where cries of victories could be heard and where one could also seek for rivalry. Suddenly just filled with thoughts of competition I was overcome with memories and had forgotten about the dark surrounding me. One of the games always played was Kick the Can. This game’s boundary took up the whole neighborhood allowing for a lot of space. It was one of my favorite games because there was always one person â€Å"it†. Their goal was to spot every other player and try to get them out, at the same time, guarding the base containing the can. However with one person on one team and everyone else on the rivalry team it created several disadvantages. Players on the team with more people crouched between slits in the earth and hid within the shadows waiting for that intense moment when their rival finally looked away. At last with the opportunity they jumped out of their hiding places running as fast as their legs could carry them for the chance to â€Å"kick the can. † It was the only way to free all of their teammates from jail. Moreover for me personally the best part was being the person hiding from the rival. I loved the feeling of running from the enemy, acting like I was a ninja hiding against walls, climbing up trees, and maneuvering my way behind fences to escape the chance of being caught. At the time, I thought it was the perfect space for me to roam around freely and still feel comfortable and safe because most of the people living in the neighborhood were friendly and didn’t mind the company. Unfortunately, there were those who disliked it and I did my best to avoid them. One again acknowledging my surroundings, I built up the courage to keep walking along the path as if everything was normal. I recalled the best of times shared here in this park with my friends, where we had our best of times playing, talking and sharing our amazing made up stories of us coming together to be a complete family. It was also the place where we all learned how to ride our first bike and to ride our first roller blades after falling on our hands and knees countless times but getting up repeatedly to try all over again. Now walking along the path I remember the time when one of my best childhood friends, Michael Cheng, the cute little boy who secretly held a crush on me, chased me along the path while I ran for my life from the despair of being hugged and at risk of being contaminated with â€Å"boy cooties†, and it made me laugh. Sadly I regret that I no longer keep in contact with Michael. If I could go back to the day he moved away, I wouldn’t even think twice about asking him for a contact number. With the feelings of fear, courage, and sadness all mixed within me, I felt crossed. Then looking back at the path I had just walked and up towards the now barely visible tree that seemed to be taunting me before, I had one last thought before I left the park that night. Standing under the dim light post, I remembered Michael, the boy who I had been running so horridly from; it had happened that he was the first boy who I had ever received my first hug from. With that flashback, it gave my stomach the faint distinct feeling of rapture evanesce that left me with a bright hint of a smile on my face as I walked away from memory lane park. Today, even though I no longer live in the neighborhood of Projects Park, whenever I visit the place, there is still a part of me that can connect to the park, making it feel like home. I’m thankful that I still keep in contact with a couple friends from the neighborhood and usually, whenever we get together, we can still go on for hours telling each other about our lives of growing up together in the projects. Sadly, I don’t keep in contact with most of my friends from the hood any longer. We have been separated by hundreds and thousands of miles far and wide, but, there is one thing I know we all still have in common, the family connection we had within Projects Park that will never be forgotten. In fact, to me, it feels just like yesterday that I was little kid, out freely roller skating, carelessly chasing friends, and enjoying my life to its fullest. How to cite Walking Down Memory Lane Park, Essay examples

Economics and Quantitative Analysis Unemployment

Questions: 1. Explain why real GDP might be an unreliable indicator of the standard of living. 2. Why does unemployment arise and what makes some unemployment unavoidable? 3. Consider the following statement: When the average level of prices of goods and services rises, inflation rises? Do you agree or disagree? Explain. 4. What is the aggregate demand (AD) curve and why does it slope downwards? Explain. 5. What is the long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve and why is it vertical? Why does the short run aggregate supply curve slope upwards? Answers: 1. Williams (2013) pointed out that GDPs reflection on the nations true health is inadequate, and, he proposed replacement by more comprehensive measures. He argued that it doesnt include the happiness of citizens in its measurement of which is a good indicator of well-being. It does not include household production in its measure which makes it underestimate the total production (McTaggart, Parkin and Findlay, 2012). So the increment in GDP is from a decrease in household production. The underground economic activities have a significant contribution in the economy and is not included in the GDP measure. The standard of living is overstated by the real GDP since new problems of health and life expectancy are faced each year and are not included in its measurement. There is a problem arising when comparing the standard of living between countries since there is a condition that the real GDP have to be converted into a similar currency units. On the other hand, goods and services for different countries are priced differently; real GDP comparison requires that they be priced the same which is not possible. Real GDP does not take into consideration the value of leisure and clean environment. Most importantly, it doesnt take into consideration the distribution of income; the real GDP could be very high but some people are living in the poverty trap. Therefore using real GDP to conclude that the economy has a high standard of living is not practical as it have ignored many factors. 2. Unemployment arise because there are new entrants into the job market freshly from schools. This group is not willing to enter in some jobs even if they have no income. They opt to wait for the job that match their skills to arise. During the search period, they are considered unemployed; this is frictional unemployment. This is unavoidable in an economy since matching of the students skill with the employee in need of the skills held may take some significant amount of time (Jee, 2016). The other group is the reentrants into the labour market; some people get discouraged from getting a job and exit the labour market. After some time, these people may decide to get back and find some job. There is another group of the job leavers; they are not satisfied with the returns they get from their current job. They therefore leave their job and begin the search for a new job. They are also said to be frictionally unemployed. This is also unavoidable since some employees offer little returns and some employees engage in such jobs before they get a better job. Technology is growing every day and new firms are emerging posing competition to the old ones (Blobbert, 2016). This creates a need for advanced skills. This explains why structural unemployment is unavoidable. The unavoidability is present since both people and businesses are making transitions in life stages. 3. I agree. The definition of inflation by Harvey (2011) affirms my agreement. Ill base my argument on Harveys argument that money growth is not responsible for causing inflation. He argued that on the real world, the assumption in which the basis for money growth causing inflation is founded does not hold. The existence of money occurs when its added to a portfolio of assets. This may be by borrowing money or by selling securities to the central bank. This two scenarios do not allow the money supplied by the central bank to exceed the demand for money. Harveys argument was that it is inflation that happens first and is accompanied by money growth. How? When the average price level of goods and services rise, inflation rises; the initial income level for the households become insufficient to buy the original consumer bundle. They therefore borrow more from banks and sell the securities they held to the fed causing money growth. Money growth is part of the demand-pull argument for causing inflation. There is also the cost-push argument where rising cost of production pushes up the price for the final products. Such cost increments may result from; when wages and salaries in an economy rise, cost of production is high and therefore price for products go up causing inflation (Dr. Econ, 2002). Other factors include; increase in the price of imported intermediate goods and capital, natural disaster and increased profit margin. 4. Aggregate demand is the model used by economists in the determination of national income. It is a representation of the combination of goods and services demanded by all individuals. This demand is given at different price levels in the economy. Accordingly, AD curve is a curve derived when the all output levels in an economy are plotted against the different price levels. Just like any other demand curve for individual goods, the AD obeys the demand laws; it is thus downward sloping. This is an indicator of inverse relationship. Since its not possible to hold income and price of other goods constant in the economy as for individual demand curves, there are three different explanations for this. One the wealth effect where money supply is assumed to be constant. As price rise, wealth reduces, purchasing power reduced, people become poorer and cut their demand; the opposite is true (Kalpana, 2009). The second is the interest rate effect where more money is needed by households as price go up to enable them service their transactions. Since money supply is held constant, an expansion in money demand results in high interest rate, subsequently spending is reduced (Pettinger, 2014). The last reason is net export effect where rising domestic prices makes imports cheaper and exports expensive; imports demand goes up and exports demand falls. This results in a reduced net exports (Morton and Goodman, 2003). 5. The long run aggregate supply (AS) curve is a vertical curve indicating the output level firms produce in the long run to the price level. It is obtained when the general price level is plotted against the real GDP. In the long run, the factors of production are allowed to change (they are not fixed). The supply by firms is independent and varies as per the expected economic profits. In the long run, the AS curve is only affected by labour, capital and technology since other factors are assumed to be optimally used. The vertical curve is explained by the fact that nominal wages and price of products change by the same percentage (Tucker, 2010). The short run AS curve slopes upward because of two major reasons. One is that of sticky-wage model where wages are set in contracts and cannot change immediately with the expansion of the economy. So in the short run it doesnt and to the cost of production. Therefore, the series of a price rise causing growth of output is as follows. Price rises, nominal wage remain fixed, real wage falls, labour become cheap, firms hire more, output expands. Second is worker-misperception model where wages are allowed to vary. In this case, firms raise the nominal wage of workers as price rises. Since workers assume real wages have gone up, they are induced to supply more labour and output expands (Mankiw, 2007). The factors of production are fixed in the short run. References Blobbert, (2016). Why does unemployment arise and what makes some unemployment unavoidable. [Online] Answers.com. Available at: https://www.answers.com/Q/Why_does_unemployment_arise_and_what_makes_some_unemployment_unavoidable [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Dr. Econ, W. (2002). What are some of the factors that contribute to a rise in inflation? [Online] Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Available at: https://www.frbsf.org/education/publications/doctor-econ/2002/october/inflation-factors-rise/ [Accessed 20 Dec. 2016]. Harvey, J. (2011). What Actually Causes Inflation (and who gains from it). [Online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johntharvey/2011/05/30/what-actually-causes-inflation/#683a50a54ad2 [Accessed 20 Dec. 2016]. Jee, S. (2016). Unemployment in Developing Countries. [Online] Economics Discussion. Available at: https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/essays/unemployment-essays/unemployment-in-developing-countries/10389 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Kalpana, S. (2009). Textbook on economics for law students. [Place of publication not identified], Universal Law Publishing. Mankiw, N. (2007). Principles of macroeconomics. Mason, OH, Thomson South-Western. McTaggart, D., Parkin, M. and Findlay, C. (2012). Microeconomics. 1st ed. French Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia. Morton, J. and Goodman, R. (2003). Advanced placement economics. 1st Ed. New York, N.Y.: National Council on Economic Education. Pettinger, T. (2014). Why is the Aggregate demand (AD) curve downward sloping? | Economics Help. [Online] Economicshelp.org. Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/11437/economics/why-is-the-aggregate-demand-ad-curve-downward-sloping/ [Accessed 20 Dec. 2016]. Williams, R. (2013). Why the GDP is not a good Measure of a Nation's Well Being. [Online] Psychology Today. Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wired-success/201309/why-the-gdp-is-not-good-measure-nations-well-being [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Tucker, I. (2010). Macroeconomics for today. Mason, OH, South-Western Cengage Learning.